A remarkable impact of protein moieties was observed on physiochemical properties of the developed vectors. These cationic vectors were systematically characterized by molecular weight, infrared (IR) structural analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) morphology, and surface charge. To explore this issue, we designed two cationic oligochitosan-modified vectors that consist of different proteins, namely a hydrophobic plant protein (zein) and a hydrophilic animal protein (ovalbumin (OVA)) to deliver pDNA to epithelial cell line CHO-K1 and HEK 293 T. However, little information exists if protein moieties can serve as an important role for internalization and endosome escape ability of the genetic material. Oligochitosan-modified proteins have gained attention as efficient non-viral vectors for gene delivery. Thus, the findings advocate ART as a potential therapeutic drug for diseases associated with reduced catalase activity. Our results uncover the mechanism of interaction between ART with BLC and suggest the protective role of ART towards spatiotemporal alteration of BLC by preventing the structural and molecular change in BLC. Nevertheless, the protective role of ART was accepted from the enhanced thermal stability and increased T m value of BLC in presence of ART at higher temperatures. ART substantially prevents the temperature-induced reduction in α-helical content with simultaneous increment in other secondary structures like antiparallel, parallel, β-turn and random coils. The stabilization of BLC in presence of ART was mediated through forming a BLC-ART complex with reduced and shifted electrochemical peak and increased hydrodynamic diameter. Molecular docking studies suggested specific binding of ART on BLC through heme group interface which was further supported by cyclic voltammetry and dynamic light scattering study. The findings at different time intervals and at higher temperature showed the protective role of ART on BLC activity. In the present study, for the first time we have demonstrated the protective role of well-known anti-malarial drug Artemisinin (ART) on the time and temperature-induced degradation of bovine liver catalase (BLC) activity. Hence, the restoration and protection of catalase is a promising therapeutic strategy in disease management. The major antioxidant enzyme catalase is downregulated and the enzyme activity is compromised in various disease conditions such as malarial and cancer. The results revealed the suitability of the technological approaches used to produce BVZ-loaded nanocarriers with tailored properties, representing a potential platform for the oral delivery of BVZ. Analyses by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared, fluorescence, circular dichroism, and differential scanning microcalorimetry techniques demonstrated that polyelectrolyte complexation and ionic cross-linking did not denature the secondary and tertiary structures of BVZ. ![]() Cross-linking significantly increased the BVZ AE% (85%–100%). NPs-negative ZP (>- 20 mV) and high association efficiency (AE%) (>56.16%) were achieved. The average size of non-cross-linked and cross-linked NPs ranged from 260.1 - 299.6 nm to 265.7–629.9 nm, respectively. Non-cross-linked NPs were prepared at different polymer:drug ratios and the effects of formulation variables (polyelectrolyte ratio, drug and cross-linker concentrations, and polymer:drug ratio) on the formation and properties (size, ZP, and PDI) of cross-linked NPs were evaluated using a 3 3 full-factorial design. The influence of pH on the zeta potential (ZP) of polymers allowed the selection of pH 6.2 as the most suitable pH for the complexation of these polyelectrolytes. According to static light scattering analysis, the molecular weights of GG and RS were approximately 158 kDa and 1803 kDa, respectively. Nanoparticles (NPs) based on gellan gum (GG) and retrograded starch (RS) were rationally designed through polyelectrolyte complexation, and ionic cross-linking was exploited as an additional technological strategy to modulate the properties of nanocarriers. The structural fragility of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), such as bevacizumab (BVZ), is a critical parameter for oral administration and can limit the use of several technologies to produce oral nanocarriers for these biomolecules.
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